305.txt ************************************************************************ * Edit v1.000 from 2022-09-14 to 2022-09-14 by HSc * ************************************************************************ Internet-Dateiformate - Windows, DOS, UNIX & Mac Tim Kientzel Thomson 1996, 1. Auflage ISBN=3-8266-0282-X Seite Auszug ======================================================================== 17 1 Der grosze Schmelztiegel ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17 Internetworking ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18 Bulletin Board Systems (BBSs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19 Zusammenwachsen der Netze ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19 Bleiben Sie auf Hauptstrasze ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 20 UEber Standards ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23 2 Erforschen von Dateiformaten ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23 Identifizierung eines Dateiformats ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25 Verwendung der Dateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25 Dateiformate im World WIde Web ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 27 Andere Quellen fuer Dateiformate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30 Allgemeine Suchhilfen im Internet ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 33 Teil 1: Text- und Dokument-Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 35 3 UEber Text ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 36 Zeichensaetze ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 37 Bezeichnet und Zahlen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 38 Eine besondere Raffinesse ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 39 Wen kuemmert's? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 40 Auszeichnungen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 40 Logische vs. physische Auszeichnung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 42 Erhaltung von Auszeichnungen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45 4 HTML ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 46 Universal Resource Locators ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 49 UEber Domain-Namen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 52 UEber HTTP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 53 HTTP-URL-Modifizierer ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 55 Ein erster Einstieg in HTML ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 56 Auszeichnungen und Elemente ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 57 Struktur eines HTML-Dokuments ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 57 HTML-Kopf ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 59 Absaetze ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 59 UEberschriften ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 60 Schriftstil ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 61 Besondere Zeichen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 63 Verknuepfungen und Anker ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 64 Grafiken ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 65 Formulare ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 67 Tabellen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 68 Mathematische Formeln ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 69 Stilistische Richtlinien fuer HTML ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 73 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 75 5 TEX und LATEX ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 77 LATEX ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 78 Andere TEX-Varianten ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 78 Erkennung von TEX- und LATEX-Dateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 80 Verwendung von TEX- und LATEX-Dateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 82 Eine LATEX-Einfuehrung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 82 Praeambel ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 84 Absaetze ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 85 UEberschriften ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 85 Textstile ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 86 Spezielle Zeichen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 87 Abbildungen und Grafiken ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 88 Tabellen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 89 Mathematische Formeln ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 90 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 93 6 SGML ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 94 Eine internationale Standard-Auszeichnungssprache ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 95 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 97 7 TROFF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 98 Die Verwendung von TROFF-Dateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 100 Eine Einfuehrung in TROFF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 101 Absaetze ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 101 Textauszeichnung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 103 UEberschriften ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 103 Abbildungen und Grafik ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 103 Tabellen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 105 Mathematische Formeln ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 106 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 109 8 PostScript ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 110 Erkennen von PostScriptDateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 111 PostScript-FontDateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 112 Type3 Fonts ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 112 Typel Fts ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 113 Andere Font-Typen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 114 Andere Fontbezogene Dateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 114 Strukturierte PostScript-Dateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 116 Encapsulated PostScript ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 116 Encapsulated PostScript-Vorschaubilder ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 118 PostScript-Dialekte ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 119 Hinweise fuer den Umgang mit PostScript ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 120 Rechtsbetrachtung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 122 Staerken und Schwaechen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 122 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 125 9 PDF (Acrobat) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 126 Die Verwendung von PDF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 126 Die Arbeitsweise von PDF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 127 Staerken und Schwaechen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 128 PDF vs. PostScript ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 128 Alternativen zu PDF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 128 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 129 10 Textverarbeitungsprogramme ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 130 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 131 Teil 2: Grafikformate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 133 11 Uber Grafik ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 134 Farbe und Aufloesung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 135 Farbsysteme ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 137 Bildarten ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 138 Kompression ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 138 Eine Groesze paszt nicht immer ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 139 Kompression mit Verlust ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 140 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 143 12 ASCII-Grafiken ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 143 Die Verwendung von ASCII-Grafiken ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 145 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 147 13 G1F ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 148 Wann wird GIF verwendet? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 149 Erkennen von GIF-Dateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 149 Die Anwendung von GIF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 150 Legale Gesichtspunkte ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 150 Die Arbeitsweise von GIF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 151 GIF-Header ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 152 GIF-Terminator ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 152 GIF-Image ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 153 GIF-Erweiterungsbloecke ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 156 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 157 14 PNG ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 158 Wann wird PNG eingesetzt? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 158 Die Arbeitsweise von PNG ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 159 PNG-Signatur ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 159 PNG-Bloecke ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 160 Image Header-Block ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 161 Bloecke mit Bildinformationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 163 Bilddaten ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 164 Optionale Bloecke ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 164 IEND ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 165 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 167 15 TIFF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 167 Wann wird TIFF eingesetzt? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 168 Staerken und Schwaechen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 169 Die Arbeitsweise von TIFF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 170 TIFF-Header ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 170 TIFF-lFD ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 172 TIFF-Bilddaten ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 174 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 175 16 JPEG (JFIF) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 176 Wann wird JPEG eingesetzt? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 177 Die Verwendung von JPEG ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 178 Erkennung von JPEG und JFIF-Dateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 179 Wie JFIF arbeitet ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 181 Wie JPEG-Kompression arbeitet ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 181 Farbmodell ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 182 Subsampling ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 182 Diskreteosinus-Trnsformation (DCT) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 183 Quantisierung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 184 Kompression, ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 185 Zukuenftige nicht verlustfreie Kompressionsmethoden ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 185 Verlustfreies JPEG ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 186 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 187 17 VRML ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 188 Die Verwendung von VRML ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 189 Die Funktionsweise von VRML ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 191 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 195 18 Andere Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 195 XBM und XPM ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 195 BMP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 196 PICT ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 196 1FF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 197 PBM, PGM, PPM und PNM ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 199 Teil 3: Kompression und Archiv-Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 201 19 UEber Archivierung und Kompression ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 201 UEber Archivierung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 203 Die Geschichte der Kompression in Kuerze ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 206 Kompression ist nicht perfekt ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 208 Eine Anmerkung zur Verschluesselung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 209 Welches ist das Beste? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 210 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 211 20 TAR ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 212 Die Verwendung von TAR ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 213 Die Arbeitsweise von TAR ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 216 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 217 21 Compress ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 218 Die Verwendung von Compress ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 218 Die Arbeitsweise von Compress ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 222 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 223 22 ARC ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 223 Die Verwendung von ARC ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 224 Die Arbeitsweise Von ARG ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 225 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 227 23 ZIP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 228 Die Verwendung von PKZIP/ZIP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 230 ZIP-Dateiformat ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 236 ZIP-Kompressionsalgorithmen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 236 Die Arbeitsweise von >>Shrinking<< ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 237 Die Arbeitsweise von >>Reducing<< ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 237 Die Arbeitsweise von >>Imploding<< ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 238 Die Arbeitsweise von >>Deflation<< ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 239 Nachteile von ZIP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 240 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 241 24 GZIP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 241 Die Verwendung von GZIP/GUNZIP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 242 Die Arbeitsweise von GZIP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 244 UEber die Free Software Foundation ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 244 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 247 25 SHAR ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 248 Die Verwendung von SHAR ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 248 Die Arbeitsweise von SHAR ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 250 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 251 26 Z00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 251 Die Verwendung von ZOO ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 252 Verwenden von Generationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 253 Die Arbeitsweise von ZOO ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 258 Wiederherstellung beschaedigter ZOO-Archive ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 259 ZOOs Kompressionmethoden ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 259 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 261 27 Stuffit ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 263 Die Arbeitsweiseeise von Stuffit ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 265 Weiterfuehreende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 267 28 Weitere Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 267 SEA, SFX urd EXE ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 268 ARJ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 269 LHA/LZH ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 269 RAR ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 269 AR ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 270 Pack und Compact ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 270 Squeeze ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 270 CompactPro ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 270 WEB-Komprimierung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 273 Teil 4: Codierungs-Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 275 29 UEber Codierung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 277 30 UUEncode ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 277 Wann wird UUEncode eingesetzt? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 278 Die Anwendung von UUEncode und UUDecode ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 279 Die Arbeitsweise von UlJEncode ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 280 UUEncode-Programm ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 281 UUDecode-Programm ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 283 31 XXEncode ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 283 Die Anwendung von XXEncode ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 284 Wann wird XXEncode eingesetzt? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 284 Die Arbeitsweise von XXEncode ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 285 XXEncode- und XXDecode-Programme ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 287 32 BtoA ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 287 Wann wird BtoA eingesetzt? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 288 Die Anwendung von BtoA ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 288 Die Arbeitsweise von BtoA ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 289 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 291 33 MIME ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 292 Wann wird MIME eingesetzt? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 293 Die Arbeitsweise von MIME ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 294 MIME Content-Typen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 296 komplexere Nachrichten ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 298 Codierung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 299 Sicherheit ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 299 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 301 34 BinHex ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 301 Die Verwendung von BinHex ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 302 Die Arbeitsweise von BinHex ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 304 BinHex-Varianten ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 305 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 307 Teil 5: Sound-Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 309 35 Uber Sound ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 310 Soundwiedergabe ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 310 Externe Synthesizer ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 311 FM-Synthese ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 311 Gesampelte Sounds ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 312 Digitale Signalprozessoren ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 312 Anspruchsvolle Sounds auf minderwertiger Hardware ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 312 Speicherung von Sounds ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 313 Codierung der Stille ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 313 p- und A-RegelKompression ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 314 DPCM und ADPCM ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 315 Fortschrittlichere Techniken ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 316 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 317 36 AU ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 318 Weitere Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 319 37 WAVE ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 319 Wie RIFF arbeitet ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 320 WAVE-Form ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 321 WAVE PCM-Datenspeicherung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 322 Zusaetzliche Chunk-Typen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 325 38 Weitere Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 325 MIDI ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 326 MOD ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 327 IFF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 327 AIFF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 329 Teil 6: Filmformate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 331 39 UEber Video ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 331 Echtzeit-Kompression ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 332 Kompression in Zeit und Raum ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 334 Beschraenkung der Datenrate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 335 Austauschbare Codecs ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 335 Audio und andere Daten ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 336 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 337 4O AVI ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 338 Die Arbeitsweise von AVI ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 338 RIFF AVIForm ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 339 LIST hdrl-Form ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 339 LIST movi-Form ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 339 LIST rec-Form ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 341 41 QuickTime ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 342 Wie QuickTime arbeitet ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 344 Single-Fork-Dateiformat ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 345 moov-Atom ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 345 trak-Atom ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 346 mdia-Atom ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 346 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 347 42 MPEG ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 348 Die Verwendung von MPEG ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 350 Die Arbeitsweise von MPEG-Video ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 351 Allgemeine Betrachtungen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 352 I-Frames ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 352 P-Frames ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 353 B-Frames ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 353 Die Arbeitsweise von MPEG-Audio ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 355 Weitrfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 357 Anhang ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 359 A Uber die CD-ROM ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 359 UEber Shareware ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 360 CD-ROM-Aufbau ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 362 Text ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 362 Grafik ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 367 Kompression ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 373 Codierung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 375 Sound ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 375 Video ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 379 B UEber Dateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 379 Definition einer Datei ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 380 Woraus Dateien bestehen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 381 Wie Dateien kursieren ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 382 UEber Text- und Binaerdaten ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 383 C UEber Dateiformate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 383 Aufgaben eines Dateiformats ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 385 Festformat ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 385 Blockorientierte Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 386 Direktzugriffs-Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 387 Datenstrom-Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 388 Script-Sprachen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 388 Text- und Binaerformate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 391 D UEber Dateitransfer ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 391 Die Post ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 392 FTP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 392 Beispiel einer FTP-Session ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 394 Weitere FTP-Befehle ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 396 Andere Wege zur Benutzung von FTP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 396 World Wide Web ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 398 Gopher ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 398 Elektronische Post (E-Mail) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 399 Modem-Direktverbindungen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 400 Fernzugriff ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 400 Bulletin Boail Systems ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 400 E Ein Programm fuer Binaerdump ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 403 L Literatur ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 407 Index ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ******* EOF ************************************************************