/121/ ************************************************************************ * Edit v1.001 from 2022-07-21 to 2022-07-22 by HSc * ************************************************************************ Internet-Dateiformate - Windows, DOS, UNIX & Mac Tim Kientzel Thomson 1995, 1. Auflage 1996 3-8266-0282-X Seite Auszug ======================================================================== 017 1 Der große Schmelztiegel ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 017 Internetworking ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 018 Bulletin Board Systems (BBSs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 019 Zusammenwachsen der Netze ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 019 Bleiben Sie auf Hauptstraßen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 020 UEber Stanards ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 023 2 Erforschen von Dateiformaten ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 023 Identifizierung eines Dateiformats ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 025 Verwendung der Dateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 025 Dateiformate im World Wide Web ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 027 Andere Quellen fuer Da0teiformate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 030 Allgemeine Suchhilfen im Internet ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 033 Teil 1: Text- und Dokument-Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 035 3 UEber Text ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 036 Zeichensaetze ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 037 Bezeichner und Zahle ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 038 Eine besondere Raffinesse ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 039 Wen kuemmert's? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 040 Auszeichnungen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 040 Logische vs. physische Auszeichnung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 042 Erhaltung von Auszeichnungen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 045 4 HTML ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 046 Universal Resource Locators ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 049 UEber Domain-Namen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 052 UEber HTTP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 053 HTTP-URL-Modifizierer ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 103 UEberschriften ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 103 Abbildungen und Grafik ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 103 Tabellen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 105 Mathematische Formeln ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 106 Weiterfuehrende Informaetionen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 109 8 PostScript ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 110 Erkennen von PostScript-Dateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 111 PostScript-Font-Dateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 112 Type3 Fonts ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 112 Typel Fonts ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 113 Andere Font-Typen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 114 Andere Font-bezogene Dateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 114 Strukturierte PostScript-Dateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 116 Encapsulated PostScript ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 116 Encapsulated PostScript-Vorschaubilder ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 118 PostScript-Dialekte ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 119 Hinweise fuer den Umgang mit PostScript ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 120 Rechtsbetrachtung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 122 Staerken und Schwaechen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 122 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 125 9 PDF (Acrobat) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 126 Die Verwendung von PDF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 126 Die Arbeitsweise von PDF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 127 Staerken und Schwaechen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 128 PDF vs. PostScript ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 128 Alternativen zu PDF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 128 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 129 10 Textverarbeitungsprogramme ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 130 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 131 Teil 2: Grafikformate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 133 11 UEber Grafik ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 134 Farbe und Aufloesung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 135 Farbsysteme ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 137 Bildarten ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 138 Kompression ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 138 Eine Groeße paßt nicht immer ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 139 Kompression mit Verlust ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 140 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 143 12 ASCII-Grafiken ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 143 Die Verwendung von ASCII-Grafiken ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 145 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 147 13 GIF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 148 Wann wird GIF verwendet? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 149 Erkennen von GIF-Dateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 149 Die Anwendung von GIF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 150 Legale Gesichtspui%kte ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 150 Die Arbeitsweise von GIF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 151 GIF-Heder ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 152 GIF-Terrninator ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 152 GIF-Image ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 153 GIF-Erweiterungsbloecke ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 156 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 157 I4PNG ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 158 Wann wird PNG eingesetzt? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 158 Die Arbeitsweise von PNG ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 159 PNG-Signatur ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 159 PNG-Bloecke ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 160 Image Header-Block ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 161 Bloecke mit Bildinformationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 163 Bilddaten ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 164 Optionale Bloecke ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 164 IEND ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 165 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 167 15 TIFF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 167 Wann wird TIFF eingesetzt? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 168 Staerken und Schwaechen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 169 Die Arbeitsweise von TIFF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 170 TIFF-Header ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 170 TIFF-1171) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 172 TIFF-Bilddaten ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 174 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 175 16 JPEG (JFIF) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 176 Wann wird JPEG eingesetzt ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 177 Die Verwendung von JPEG ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 178 Erkennung von JPEG und JFIF-Dateien Wie JFIF arbeitet ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 179 Wie JPEG-Kompression arbeitet ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 181 Farbmodell ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 181 Subsampling ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 182 Diskrete Cosinus-Transformation (DCT) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 183 Quantisierung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 184 Kompression ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 185 Zukuenftige nicht verlustfreie Kompressionsmethoden ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 185 Verlustfreies JPEG ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 186 Weiterfuehrende Inforifiationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 187 17 VRML ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 188 Die Verwendung von VRML ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 189 Die Funktionsweise von VRML ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 191 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 195 18 Andere Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 195 XBM und XPM ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 195 BMP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 196 PICT ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 196 IFF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 197 PBM, PGM, PPM und PNM ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 199 Teil 3: Kompression und Archiv-Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 201 19 UEber Archivierung und Kompression ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 201 UEber Archivierung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 203 Die Geschichte der Kompression in Kuerze ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 206 Kompression ist nicht perfekt ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 208 Eine Anmerkung zur Verschluesselung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 209 Welches ist das Beste? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 210 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 211 20 TAR ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 212 Die Verwendung von TAR ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 213 Die Arbeitsweise von TAR ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 216 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 217 21 Compress ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 218 Die Verwendung von Compress ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 218 Die Arbeitsweise von Compress ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 222 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 223 22ARC ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 224 Die Verwendung von ARC ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 225 Die Arbeitsweise von ARC ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 226 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 227 23 ZIP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 228 Die Verwendung von PKZIP/ZIP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 230 ZIP-Dateiformat ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 236 ZIP-Kompressionsalgorithmen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 236 Die Arbeitsweise von »Shrinking« ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 237 Die Arbeitsweise von »Reducing« ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 237 Die Arbeitsweise von »Imploding« ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 238 Die Arbeitsweise von »Deflation« ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 239 Nachteile von ZIP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 240 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 241 24 GZIP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 241 Die Verwendung von GZIP/GUNZIP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 242 Die Arbeitsweise von GZIP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 244 UEber die Free Software Foundation ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 244 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 247 25 SHAR ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 248 Die Verwendung von SHAR ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 248 Die Arbeitsweise von SHAR ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 250 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 251 26Z00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 251 Die Verwendung von ZOO ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 252 Verwenden von Generationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 253 Die Arbeitsweise von ZOO ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 258 Wiederherstellung beschaedigter ZOO-Archive ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 259 ZOOs Kompressionmethoden ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 259 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 261 27 Stufflt ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 263 Die Arbeitsweise von Stufflt ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 265 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 267 28 Weitere Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 267 SEA, SFX und EXE ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 268 ARJ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 269 LHA/LZH ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 269 RAR ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 269 AR ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 270 Pack und Compact ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 270 Squeeze ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 270 CompactPro ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 270 WEB-Komprimierung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 273 Teil 4: Codierungs-Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 275 29 UEber Codierung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 277 30 UUEncode ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 277 Wann wird UUEncode eingesetzt? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 278 Die Anwendung von UUEncode und UUDecode ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 279 Die Arbeitsweise von UUEncode ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 280 UUEncode-Programm ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 281 UUDecode-Programm ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 283 31 XXEncode ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 283 Die Anwendung von XXEncode ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 284 Wann wird XXEncode eingesetzt? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 284 Die Arbeitsweise von XXEncode ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 285 XXEncode- und XXDecode-Programme ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Inhalt ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 287 32 BtoA ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 287 Wann wird BtoA eingesetzt? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 288 Die Anwendung von BtoA ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 288 Die Arbeitsweise von BtoA ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 289 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 291 33 MIME ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 292 Wann wird MIME eingesetzt? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 293 Die Arbeitsweise von MIME ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 294 MIME Content-Typen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 296 Komplexere Nachrichten ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 298 Codierung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 299 Sicherheit ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 299 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 301 34 BinHex ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 301 Die Verwendung von BinHex ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 302 Die Arbeitsweise von BinHex ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 304 BinHex-Varianten ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 305 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 307 Teil 5: Sound-Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 309 35 Uber Sound ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 310 Soundwiedergabe ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 310 Externe Synthesizer ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 311 FM-Synthese ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 311 Gesampelte Sounds ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 312 Digitale Signalprozessoren ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 312 Anspruchsvolle Sounds auf minderwertiger Hardware ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 312 Speicherung von Sounds ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 313 Codierung der Stille ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 313 p- und A-Regel-Kompression ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 314 DPCM und ADPCM ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 315 Fortschrittlichere Techniken ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 316 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 317 36 AU ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 318 Weitere Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 319 37 WAVE ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 319 Wie RIFF arbeitet ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 320 WAVE-Form ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 321 WAVE PCM-Datenspeicherung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 322 Zusaetzliche Chunk-Typen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 325 38 Weitere Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 325 MIDI ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 326 MOD ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 327 1FF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 327 AIFF ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 329 Teil 6: Filmformate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 331 39 UEber Video ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 331 Echtzeit-Kompression ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 332 Kompression in Zeit und Raum ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 334 Beschraenkung der Datenrate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 335 Austauschbare Codecs ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 335 Audio und andere Daten ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 336 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 337 40 AVI ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 338 Die Arbeitsweise von AVI ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 338 RIFF AVI-Form ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 339 LIST hdrl-Form ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 339 LIST rnovi-Form ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 339 LIST rec-Form ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 341 41 QuickTime ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 342 Wie QuickTime arbeitet ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 344 Single-Fork-Dateiformat ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 345 moov-Atom ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 345 trak-Atom ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 346 mdia-Atom ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 346 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Inhalt ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 347 42 MPEG. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 348 Die Verwendung von MPEG ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 350 Die Arbeitsweise von MPEG-Video ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 351 Allgemeine Betrachtungen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 352 1-Frames ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 352 P-Frames ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 353 B-Frames ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 353 Die Arbeitsweise von MPEG-Audio ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 355 Weiterfuehrende Informationen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 357 Anhang ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 359 A UEber die CD-ROM ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 359 UEber Shareware ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 360 CD-ROM-Aufbau ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 362 Text ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 367 Grafik ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 371 Kompression ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 373 Codierung ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 375 Sound ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 375 Video ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 379 B UEber Dateien ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 379 Definition einer Datei ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 380 Woraus Dateien bestehen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 381 Wie Dateien kursieren ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 382 UEber Text- und Binaerdaten ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 383 C UEber Dateiformate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 383 Aufgaben eines Dateiformats ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 385 Festformat ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 385 Blockorientierte Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 386 Direktzugriffs-Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 387 Datenstrom-Formate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 388 Script-Sprachen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 388 Text- und Binaerformate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 391 D UEber Dateitransfer ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 391 Die Post ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 392 FTP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 392 Beispiel einer FTP-Session ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 394 Weitere FTP-Befehle ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 396 Andere Wege zur Benutzung von FTP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 396 World Wide Web ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 398 Gopher ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 398 Elektronische Post (E-Mail) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 399 Modem-Direktverbindungen ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 400 Fernzugriff ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 400 Bulletin Board Systems ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 400 E Ein Programm fuer Binaerdurnps ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 403 L Literatur ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 407 Index ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ******* EOF ************************************************************